One-to-one relationships — hasOne, belongsTo

Beginner5 min read·lv-12-005

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Concept

Query scopes are reusable query constraints that can be chained with Eloquent's fluent API. They keep query logic inside the model rather than scattered across controllers.

Local scopes: Methods prefixed with scope. Called without the prefix, chainable like other query methods.

php

// Define
public function scopeActive($query) { return $query->where('active', true); }
// Use
User::active()->get();
User::active()->where('role', 'admin')->get();

Scopes with parameters:

php

public function scopeOfRole($query, string $role) { return $query->where('role', $role); }
// Use
User::ofRole('admin')->get();

Global scopes: Applied to ALL queries on the model. Define as a class implementing Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Scope and register in the model's boot() via addGlobalScope(). Soft deletes (SoftDeletes trait) work via a global scope.

Removing global scopes: User::withoutGlobalScope(ActiveScope::class)->get(). User::withoutGlobalScopes()->get() — removes all global scopes.

Anonymous global scopes: addGlobalScope('active', fn($b) => $b->where('active', true)). Removed by name: withoutGlobalScope('active').

SoftDeletes trait (special global scope): Automatically adds WHERE deleted_at IS NULL. User::withTrashed() includes soft-deleted. User::onlyTrashed() only soft-deleted.

Code Example

php

<?php
namespace App\Models;

use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\SoftDeletes;

class Post extends Model
{
    use SoftDeletes;

    // Local scopes — method is scopeXxx, called as ->xxx()
    public function scopePublished(Builder $query): Builder
    {
        return $query->whereNotNull('published_at')
                     ->where('published_at', '<=', now());
    }

    public function scopeDraft(Builder $query): Builder
    {
        return $query->whereNull('published_at');
    }

    public function scopeByAuthor(Builder $query, int $userId): Builder
    {
        return $query->where('user_id', $userId);
    }

    public function scopePopular(Builder $query, int $minViews = 1000): Builder
    {
        return $query->where('views', '>=', $minViews)->orderByDesc('views');
    }

    // Global scope — applies to all queries
    protected static function boot(): void
    {
        parent::boot();
        static::addGlobalScope('approved', function(Builder $builder) {
            $builder->where('is_approved', true);
        });
    }
}

// Usage — scopes chain just like where()
$posts = Post::published()->get();
$posts = Post::published()->byAuthor(5)->popular(500)->paginate(10);

// Combining scopes
$draftsByMe = Post::draft()->byAuthor(auth()->id())->latest()->get();

// Global scope — all queries include 'is_approved = 1' automatically
Post::all(); // only approved
Post::find(1); // only finds approved post

// Bypass global scope
Post::withoutGlobalScope('approved')->where('user_id', 1)->get(); // all posts for user
Post::withoutGlobalScopes()->all(); // completely raw

// SoftDeletes — deleted_at global scope
Post::all();          // excludes deleted (WHERE deleted_at IS NULL)
Post::withTrashed()->all();    // includes deleted
Post::onlyTrashed()->get();    // only deleted

// Restore soft-deleted
$post = Post::withTrashed()->find(42);
$post->restore();

// Force delete
$post->forceDelete();

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